Since 2023, archaeology students have excavated a total of 10 1×1 meter units, or ‘subops,’ along with a couple practice units. We’ve found portions of the wall of the first dining hall structure at Kenyon, we’ve found countless artifacts: nails, ceramics, a suspected cauldron, buttons, the list goes on. With all of this, we must be close to finished, right?

Not quite! The Kenyon archaeology site is still shrouded in questions and unknowns. Fortunately, our efforts have given us some clues as to where we should look next.

The red spots you see on the above map are called anomalies. They show us where something is different from the natural soil below the surface of the ground. We’ve explored a lot of anomalies so far. We’ve looked at what could be a cellar within the dining hall structure, and even what we think could be a latrine structure. However, in my partner and I’s excavation of subop N, we found the majority of our artifacts just outside of the walls of the building.

Because of this, we should excavate outside of the building next season. This might seem a little counterintuitive. Don’t we want to see what was inside the building? Why would there be stuff outside? We must remember that in the 1830s when the college was first being built, they didn’t have a trash company to get rid of any of their garbage. Where did the garbage go? Oftentimes, into a pile out back. These garbage sites, which archaeologists call “middens.” Can give us a lot of useful information and be rich sites for artifacts. Due to the abundance of large artifacts outside of the south east wall of the dining hall, I think future excavations should examine the area from just outside the walls to about a meter or half a meter out.

Even on our final day of excavations, we saw so many artifacts tucked into the wall of our subob going in the east direction – this means that there are more artifacts lying hidden going further outside of the walls!

I can’t wait to see what we can unearth next time we excavate.

During our recent excavation we uncovered large, curved pieces of cast iron. 

They were likely fragments of a cooking pot or cauldron discarded from the kitchen’s dump site and once a fixture of 19th-century campus life. We found the cast-iron pieces in a deposit, intermixed with animal bone, ceramic fragments, glass, and other debris, typical of a 19th-century dump associated with institutional dining. Its placement outside the dining hall foundation fits the pattern seen across comparable sites, where refuse from kitchens was disposed of in designated midden areas.

By the 1800s, cast iron cookware had become a staple of both domestic and institutional kitchens. Following the innovations of Abraham Darby in the early 18th century, iron goods became increasingly affordable and widely available. Cauldrons and Dutch ovens were valued for their durability and versatility; they could be suspended above a hearth, set directly into coals, or later, placed atop the flat surfaces of cast-iron stoves that began appearing in American homes and institutions by the mid-19th century.

In settings like Kenyon, a cauldron such as this would have been indispensable. Large iron pots often served multiple functions in institutional contexts where labor, time, and equipment were shared among many.

As described in period accounts and preserved examples from museums like the Job Carr Cabin Museum, cast iron cookware of this era could easily last a lifetime, passed down or repurposed until the metal itself gave out. Its longevity, combined with its ability to withstand repeated heating and cooling, made it a cornerstone of 19th-century kitchens across North America. Though the 19th-century cauldron served a utilitarian role, its form echoes a lineage stretching back thousands of years. 

Archaeologists studying Iron Age and Roman cauldrons in Britain and Ireland have noted their dual role as both functional cooking vessels and powerful social symbols. In those contexts, cauldrons were often associated with communal feasting and social hierarchy. 

While our 19th-century example lacks the ritual associations of its ancient predecessors, it occupies a similar social space. In the dining hall of a college campus, the cauldron may have been the centerpiece of shared meals, its contents served to students and faculty alike. 

The layer where the possible cauldron was found expands on what we can learn. Alongside the vessel were fragments of ceramic ware and glass bottles. Together, these materials paint a picture of a bustling kitchen and dining space. The decision to discard the cauldron may have been practical; it could have cracked, warped, or simply been replaced by newer, more efficient cooking equipment as technology advanced.

 By the late 19th century, the rise of enclosed stoves and industrial kitchen ranges had largely displaced the old open-hearth cauldron. Yet the recovery of this one, buried just beyond the dining hall, allows us to glimpse that moment of transition. As we continue excavations at the former dining hall site, this discovery invites reflection on how shared spaces of eating and gathering shape the rhythms of community life.

Works Referenced

Liebeknecht, W., Burrow, I., Harshbarger, P., & Haley, A. (2014). Farmer’s Delight: An 18th-century plantation in southern Delaware. Phase III archaeological data recovery, the Cedar Creek Road Site (7S-C-100), Cedar Creek Hundred, Sussex County, Delaware. Hunter Research, Inc., prepared for the Delaware Department of Transportation.

Joy, J. (2014). “Fire burn and cauldron bubble”: Iron Age and early Roman cauldrons of Britain and Ireland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 80, 327–362. https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2014.7

Teddy, M. (with contributions by B. Beltran, & edited by H. Stewart). (n.d.). Log Cabin Living: Cast iron cookware. Job Carr Cabin Museum. Retrieved from https://www.jobcarrmuseum.org/blog/log-cabin-living-cast-iron-cookware

Throughout our excavation of fall 2025, our class has turned up numerous examples of pottery. This specific post both sheds light on one of the larger, more intact pieces of pottery that our class has so far recovered, and serves as an example of the overall process in excavating, cleaning, and researching the pottery we have found.

The image above shows the initial uncovering of the pot sherd in my group’s unit. Initial extraction proved quite challenging as much of the enamel (the glossy surface of the plate with patterns) was flaking off due to long exposure to moisture in the soil. The varying pieces of the plate sherd and pieces of enamel were quickly placed into a cloth bag to avoid further damage and properly label the provenience of the find.

Our next steps were to clean and glue back together the portion of the plate we found. We used paraloid to glue our artifacts, it is an adhesive commonly used in artifact conservation. Careful cleaning and the gluing of enamel that had flaked off revealed a pattern resembling flowers and a pagoda.

The broad name for the specific pottery to which this article pertains is known as transferware, meaning that the designs on the vessel have been stamped on, much like a printing press. An initial inspection of this transferware plate led to the conclusion that it was likely used by someone of what we would now consider upper middle class. While the plate is not porcelain, it would have been considered superior to more plainly decorated earthenware. As a side note, the image above also depicts other pieces of the same plate found in our unit.

With the plate sherd restored and initial observations recorded, the next step undertaken consisted of a web search in which we attempted to identify what the fully intact plate looked like, who it was made by, and when it was made. Luckily we were able to find a complete example, and were even more fortunate that it had a clear maker’s mark.

We learned that this plate, with a pattern known as Jeddo, was likely manufactured sometime between 1819-1864 by a company known as W. Adams & Sons, and would likely have been sold as a set. Such a plate could have been used as part of the dining hall’s ware, or perhaps more likely the individual property of a faculty member or student. While some aspects are left to speculation, this pot sherd and others like it at our site provide a meaningful window into what life was like in Kenyon’s early years. 

A day of excavation starts in the basement of Oden. That’s where we keep all of our equipment: our trowels, our pickaxes that we don’t have to use anymore, and our gloves. It’s also where we get our forms, where we write down all the stuff we have to document about the site and what we’re doing there, and our journals, which are like our forms, but a bit more personal.

We carry it in buckets and a wagon to our site in front of the church, where what’s left of the cabin Philander Chase and others used to live in two hundred years ago is buried underground, according to a drawing, some GPR, and finally having dug down to see it. We settle down around our units with our partners, sitting on our knee pads, and get to work.

Our trowels seem to have been sturdy enough to get through the soil lately, which is nice. Because of the rain, the dirt has been browner, wetter, and softer, instead of the tan concrete-like soil we scraped at earlier in the year. We also don’t need to put up the shade tents anymore, since the sun hasn’t been out as much.

We carve at the dirt, removing a layer at a time, trying to keep the unit as level as possible. It’s harder for our group because our unit is rocky. Really rocky. It’s annoying, and we usually just dig up the rocks if they’re small enough, where, usually, you’re supposed to dig around them until they’re completely unearthed. We do stop to document large rocks as they might be a layer of rubble from when the building was demolished.

Another difference between our plot and the others’ is the distribution of our findings over time. We started the year off with some interesting artifacts in our plot, like a pig tooth, or a piece of pipe with a letter on it. Recently, there haven’t really been any interesting finds in our unit, in contrast to some of the other groups. From our vantage point on the ground, I’ve heard that the other groups have found some interesting stuff recently, like a bone or a piece of pottery.

Most of the stuff that’s not dirt that we’ve found is a bunch of slate, some nails, the occasional streak of red brick, and bugs that are somehow always alive. At the beginning of the semester I wondered how they got down there, but after the rain, it was obvious how they did it. I guess we’re kind of like little bugs, digging into the ground to get to… something? Maybe we’re different than bugs. Or maybe they don’t know what they’re digging for either, and something’s just telling them what to do.

After we’ve found whatever we’ve found and we sieve through all the dirt we’ve dug up, we get our unit ready for a picture with the whiteboard and the north arrow. Then, we put all our stuff back in our buckets, and we carry it back to the basement of Oden.

Later, we’ll get everything washed and see what we’ve found.

From the moment you step on to Campus it’s obvious that trees hold a very special place in the heart of Kenyon College. But this fall the campus lacked some color. At the center of Campus stands a Church, and to the north of the church there is now a hole, a ghost of past shade. A few weeks ago, we lost the Wedding Tree.

The Norway maple known as the Wedding Tree was a staple for both the campus as a whole and our archaeological site. Norway Maples are native to Europe, brought over by colonizers for landscape and shade. In its native region, Norway maples have been known to live up to 250 years, but their lifespan is much shorter here in North America, sometimes only living 60 years. According to Professor Bruce Hardy, who has been working with the stump, it was likely planted “around the founding of the college, in the 1820s or 30s.” It will be difficult to ever determine the exact date, as the tree suffered rot damage to the center of the stump.

This makes it impossible to fully count its rings. Though the tree was not able to weather this last storm it has truly weathered the test of time living around 200 years old which surpasses its expected lifespan here. In 2002, it was even struck by lightning, and still survived for over 2 decades.

This tree had long been a landmark of the college. It was given the nickname “The Wedding Tree” for the many ceremonies happening in the church that took place beneath its branches.

The cultural and historical significance of this tree is prevalent. It stood as both a symbol of colonization, likely brought from Europe as most Norway maples were. Even after its fall, the stump revealed more hidden treasures.

Professor Petras salvaged around fifty objects from within the tree’s roots and surrounding soil. Among them were pieces of metal, likely nails, along with fragments of window glass similar to those found in nearby excavation plots. There were also brick and charcoal fragments, numerous pottery sherds dating to the early 1800s, and, most intriguingly, several pieces of bone, including an intact hog’s molar.

The trees’ loss leaves a physical and emotional hole on campus but its legacy lives on. From being a symbol of love, to witnessing the college’s growth, to a silent reminder of colonization. It tells a tale of change and resilience.

Similar to the artifacts we now unearth, the Wedding Tree connects us to those who came before. It was likely seen by the first students who attended Kenyon, perhaps even by Bishop Chase himself, gazing from the window of his cabin. Who knows? Maybe students once sat beneath its shade, dreaming of the future, just as we now sit and dream about the past.

References:

“Norway Maple – Borough of Glen Ridge, NJ – Official Website.” Borough of Glen Ridge, NJ – Official Website, 19 Aug. 2025, www.glenridgenj.org/shadetree/norwaymaple/. Accessed 24 Oct. 2025.

“Norway Maple | Minnesota Department of Agriculture.” Www.mda.state.mn.us, www.mda.state.mn.us/norway-maple.

Kenyon College has a long history–more than two hundred years at this point–and we can learn a lot about our school’s past because of the documentation they kept and the artifacts left behind. But this land didn’t always belong to Kenyon, and it wasn’t always documented in written records. The first European settlers in Knox county only arrived in the late 1760s–Native Americans had been living here for hundreds of years before Philander Chase ever arrived.

Evidence suggests people had been living in Ohio as far back as 15,000 years ago. They formed tribes such as the Shawnee, Delaware, Miami, Ottawa, Wyandotte, Erie, Seneca, and Mingo, and by the 1700s, they each had territories in the Ohio region.

To cover all these tribes’ history would be too great a task, so for now I will focus on the story of the Shawnee. The Shawnee were a mobile people who traveled all over the Midwest, living in states such as Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. By the late eighteenth century, they had settled by the Ohio river and established territorial borders as far North as the great lakes.

Unfortunately, American settlers would not permit them their land. The United States government coveted the valuable land held by the Shawnee, and wouldn’t take no for an answer. They attempted to take the land by force, beginning a 20 year conflict. The Shawnee had no hope of winning against the might of the American military. In 1795 they signed the treaty of Greenville, giving up their land bordering lake Erie.

Still, the government’s hunger for land was not sated. Troops traveled through what is now Canadian territory, pushing out even more Native Americans. Realizing violence would never succeed, the Shawnee sought a more peaceful resolution. In 1802 delegates from the Shawnee and Delaware tribes traveled to Washington to request President Jefferson officially grant them territory in Ohio and ensure they could not be disturbed. Of course, the government did not recognize this request, and American expansion continued. By the 1830s, the Shawnee had been entirely pushed out of their land, forced to Oklahoma, where they reside today.

Though Kenyon was not directly involved in the forced removal of Native Americans, the college still benefits–it is not our land that we stand on today. We are only able to get such an education, enjoy the scenery, and perform archaeological investigations because our ancestors took this land from its rightful owners. Though retribution is impossible right now, recognition is a step in the right direction.

References

Lakomaki, Sami. “”Our Line”: The Shawnees, the United States, and Competing Borders on the Great Lakes “Borderlands,” 1795–1832.” Journal of the Early Republic, vol. 34, no. 4, 2014, pp. 597-624.

Norton, A. Banning. A history of Knox County, Ohio, from 1779 to 1862 inclusive : comprising biographical sketches, anecdotes and incidents of men connected with the county from its first settlement ; together with complete lists of the senators, representatives, sheriffs and. Columbus, 1862. HathiTrust,https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002053502739&seq=11. Accessed 16 10 2025.

PBS. One State Many Nations: Native Americans of Ohio. 2004. pbswesternpreserve.org, https://www.pbswesternreserve.org/education/one-state-many-nations-native-americans-of-ohio/. Accessed 23 10 2025.

Witthoft, John, and William A. Hunter. “The Seventeenth-Century Origins of the Shawnee.” Ethnohistory, vol. 2, no. 1, 1955, pp. 42-57.

The Rosse Hall, the Chase Avenue, the Old Kenyon…for the first time, these structures reveal themselves to me as more than mere physical remnants of the campus’s past. Their location, unique architectural style, and name have transcended the confirmed records on documents, and objective present on the map, with their silent yet steadfast and enduring presence actively narrating the tale and legend of the historical figures they embody.

As I stand before these old structures, once merely fleeting shadows in my hurried passage, I come to a profound realization: they are as much strangers to me as they are familiar companions. As a junior student, I can navigate the campus with ease, smoothly skating past different buildings to reach my destination. Yet, I remain a complete outsider, as it never crosses my mind to halt my hurried pace and truly engage in the narratives they share about the past.

Old Kenyon was the first permanent structure of the college, with construction beginning in 1827. Rosse Chapel, now known as Rosse Hall was Kenyon’s second permanent building. It was originally built in 1829, and named for Anglo-Irish benefactor Lady Jane King Parsons, Dowager Countess of Rosse. Old Kenyon and Rosse still stand today though both have since been reconstructed after the originals were destroyed in two different fires.

While these buildings stand as reminders of the past there are even older structures to Kenyon’s history that are no longer visible on the landscape today.

 In the year 1828, Bishop Philander Chase undertook the significant task of relocating his financially funded college from Worthington, Ohio, to the burgeoning city of Gambier. He deliberately chose this remote, natural hilltop as the inception of his endeavor to establish civilization and spread Christianity (Smythe 1924). The initial constructions from that era include a modest cabin intended to provide refuge for the Bishop and his family, the residence of Dr. Sparrow, a kitchen, and a dining hall that also functioned as a church for worship (figure 3). From these humble structures, which offered only the essential conditions and met the fundamental needs for survival, the renowned campus of Kenyon eventually emerged. However, in spite of the reality that these unrefined structures form the bedrock of the esteemed institution, their presence has faded into obscurity, nearly erased from memory after two centuries of evolution and renovation the campus has undergone.

I realized the great importance of a thorough exploration into Kenyon’s cultural and historical heritage that can shed light on the entire campus community. By examining these historical sites that once thrived, we as members of Kenyon will recall not only the myths and legends surrounding the Bishop, who was the primary sponsor and founder of the college. We will also be able to uncover the less formal, institutional, and thus often overlooked facets that reveal the Bishop’s intimate, personal life—elements that are equally vital and should be woven into the narrative of his dedicated efforts and renowned achievements.

Motivated by a commitment to uncover the past and enrich cultural understanding, the Kenyon Archeological Project (KAP) group of 2023 initiated an excavation at the front area of the current Church of the Holy Spirits. This site marks the location where the initial residential and living structures for the Bishop were established. Their endeavors proved to be both significant and fruitful, as the group unearthed a variety of artifacts and material remains that illuminate and offer a perspective on the understanding of the campus’s history from the 19^th century. Nonetheless, a wealth of enigmas and inquiries persist, awaiting deeper exploration.

As a continuation of their initiative, the KAP 2025 aims to persist in the exploration and discovery of insights related to the campus. As a participant in KAP 2025, I became involved not only because of the profound implications this excavation holds for reconstructing Kenyon’s cultural and historical narrative, but also the personal quest to deepen my understanding of my familiar yet strange companions. As the archaeological investigation goes, the once distant and mysterious history of Kenyon’s will be gradually recovered and reconstructed, whereas I also seek to interpret my familiar but strange friends as quiet, physical testimonies of the past, to recognize them as unique and vibrant entities that are destined to live on alongside the eternal legacy of the college.

References

 Stamp, Tom “This Will do: A look at the Kenyon campus and how it grew” Kenyon College Alumni Bulletin Archive 

 Smythe, George. 1924. “Kenyon College: Its First Century”

When an excavation plot is started the last thing you would think about is covering it back up, all of your hard work scraping dirt centimeter by centimeter for the privilege to connect with those of the past, yet that is the reality faced by minor excavation sites especially on a college campus.

In 2023 the first group of Kenyon campus archaeologists put tarps inside of their fully excavated plots and backfilled all of the sifted dirt into the hole so that Kenyon groundskeepers could then maintain the integrity of the lawn in front of the Church of the Holy Spirit. Thus, this fall when our class went to set up new plots we found that we could not easily identify where the old plots were to then base our new ones off of.

The difficulty was then amplified by the fact that the ground penetrating radar data that was used to identify where to put the initial plots could not be used to relocate the excavations as the metal stakes used to set the GPR grid had since been removed in the two years time between excavation seasons.

We utilized new methods such as GPS and probing the ground to successfully find the original plots. I will not be getting into the detail of those methods here, however I will discuss the method we have employed for further use to aid future Kenyon students which is tying in local landmarks.

Depending on the project and resources available, sophisticated systems like ground penetrating radar and gps coordinates may not be able to be accessed by future archaeologists and so using what already exists in the natural landscape is a simple yet effective method. It involves selecting a local landmark that will not degrade or break down rapidly if a storm or other event were to occur. For our purposes we chose the campus’s famous Gates of Hell and the stone pillar that is attached to the front stairs of the church. Both of these landmarks should be around a long time and are not made of a material like wood which can be destroyed much more easily.

We were then justified in our choice of landmarks when barely a week later the Wedding Tree, a two hundred year old maple in front of the church, came down on top of our dig site during a thunderstorm. What seems like it will last forever is not always guaranteed, archaeology is about finding and studying what is most likely to survive the annals of time, anything else that survives is thanks to the environment.

The next step was then to measure the distance with measurement tape and the angle with a compass between the southwest corner of our subop (unit) to the two landmarks, specifying which exact corners we were using. Often in archaeology we intentionally put the same information in several places so that if a mistake is made in the process we have other places to double check and so we write the distance down in several different journals so that if something unpredictable were to happen we have backup.

This strategy is not only employed in local archaeology but has a practical application to larger sites as well. As temperatures increase around the globe a very real threat of losing our heritage sites is looming on the horizon, with coastal lines growing and weather becoming more severe it is becoming increasingly necessary to protect and document what we already have.
Thus it is vital to record where our findings were made and so if something were to happen to the natural topography we would still need to know where everything was. This is where tying in comes in as it is a simple and effective tool to chart out a location without having to rely on technology that may not be available at a given time.

References

Hester, Thomas R., et al. Field Methods in Archaeology. Taylor and Francis, 2016.

Hollesen, Jørgen. “Climate Change and the Loss of Archaeological Sites and Landscapes: A Global Perspective.” Antiquity 96.390 (2022): 1382–1395. Web.

In an attempt to better understand the founding of the college, it is extremely helpful to look into all facets of life at Kenyon. In several of the articles from our archives we find students’ writings about their workload, living conditions and life at Kenyon as well as the values enforced here. Many of the values held by Kenyon in its founding days have changed over time for one reason or another. One of the best examples of this is the reason that Kenyon is even in Gambier.

Kenyon was originally founded in the city of Worthington. However, Philander Chase found the city to be too worldly for the young men’s college he envisioned. So, he moved the college to Gambier to, in his words, “take to the woods” (Smythe 46). Philander Chase was a Church bishop, who did his best to keep the students at Kenyon on the “right track.”

Interestingly however, in our excavations of Bishop’s Cabin we unearthed many smoking pipe stems and bowls. This is strong evidence that students were smoking on campus during the college’s developmental years. It is unclear what Philander Chase thought of this at the time.

In our modern day there is still a fairly strong smoking presence on our campus. However, as the times have changed, we are no longer allowed to smoke in any buildings due to several safety concerns. Furthermore, in our modern day there is more evidence of cannabis use than in our past. This isn’t to say that there was no cannabis use during the founding years of the college, just that we haven’t uncovered anything that would be evidence of such a claim. We can say for certain that both Philander Chase and our current rules and regulations are firmly against the use of cannabis.

In a similar vein, alcohol on campus was not always permitted. In fact, avoiding this vice was likely a leading factor that led Philander Chase to moving the school to the remote location of Gambier.

Most of the glass artifacts we have recovered to date are flat aqua colored window glass shards and not bottle glass. It is important to note that we are unlikely to find evidence of contraband items such as liquor bottles in both our archeological dig at the site and our scouring of our archives. Our current archeological dig, the structure we are investigating is thought to be a dining area/class room hybrid building. Because it’s a public setting that would be regularly used by both faculty and students, it is extremely unlikely to find any contraband in it. We are unlikely to find contraband in our archives because students are likely smart enough not to write down that they were breaking college policy, and are even less likely to submit that writing to be preserved in our official college archives. Furthermore, even if a student were to do all of that, the administration at the time is unlikely to accept such a submission.

That being said, it is very likely that the original students of Kenyon college did not give up worldly desires all together as Philander Chase likely hoped they would. It is more likely that the students would trek to the woods or the small city that was being built nearby named Mount Vernon to satisfy their desires. In our modern day, students over the age of twenty one are more than welcome to drink on campus so long as they follow state and federal legislation.

The founding class of Kenyon students wasn’t all partying and good times. In reality they faced many difficulties as the first class here at Kenyon.

In our modern day, most Kenyon students find themselves in spacious rooms with air conditioning and ready access to multiple different options of locally grown food every meal. Only two hundred years ago during our founding class students were living in the “thinwalled, unplastered houses” that were described as good at keeping the heat in in the summer and better at staying cold in the winter- Smythe 79-85. Even honored guests were forced to sleep in the thin walled cabins designed as dorms that had no furniture in them. In contrast, our modern dorms today come with a loftable bed, desk, closet, chair and a minifridge and microwave if you pay a little extra. All delivered to your room for you before the school year starts.

References

Smythe, George. 1924. “Kenyon College: Its First Century”

As part of the final portfolio for the archaeological methods course, each student picks an aspect of the archaeological project to write a ten-page report. I chose to consider what early maps of Kenyon reveal about how the first members of the Kenyon community viewed the landscape around them.

Maps have always been an essential part of my landscape. Early 20th-century aviator Beryl Markham, speaks of how “a map says to you…without me, you are alone and lost”(Markham, 1942, 288). Out of nostalgia or pure necessity, on every drive from Kenyon to Boston, my mother shoves a road atlas onto my lap and asks me to find the fastest way around traffic. On my first days at
Kenyon, I bonded with my campus map because without it I felt “alone and lost”(Markham, 1942, 288).

My journey to unearth the early history of Kenyon and Knox County began with trips to the Special Archives of Kenyon. There, talented members of the archive pointed me toward early Kenyon recollections on the landscape and the physical maps which people used to navigate the Kenyon space. I came to understand that Kenyon maps often excluded the travel ways, landmarks, and homes of people not considered to be a part of the community, such as Native American groups in the area as well as early settlers in Mount Vernon. Settlers, who helped build the first structures of the college, resided at the bottom of the Kenyon Hill, yet no attempt on the part of Kenyon was made to include their presence in maps. Colonization of the Western frontier murdered and
displaced many Native American groups, but the presence of the “Munsee Delaware Indian Nation, the Shawnee Nation, the United Remnant Band of the Shawnee Nation and a branch of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma”

(Holt, 2019) for nearly 12,000 years does not disappear in a mere century.

I encourage everyone interested in knowing more to watch our class present their final research projects from 6:30-9:30pm in Tomsich 101!

Bibliography

Holt, G. (2019, December 12). College proposes native american land acknowledgements . The Kenyon Collegian. Retrieved December 13, 2023, from https://kenyoncollegian.com/news/2019/12/college-proposes-native-american-land-acknowledgements/.

Markham, B. (1942). West with the Night [Epub] (3rd ed.). Mysterious Press/ Open Road Integrated Media.